Cover
Volume 2, Issue 4 (2026) – 5 articles
Cover Picture: The presence of organic components renders organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites highly susceptible to degradation under continuous light irradiation and high-temperature conditions, severely restricting their large-scale practical application in photovoltaic fields. By contrast, all-inorganic perovskites have emerged as highly promising candidate materials for next-generation photovoltaic technologies thanks to their excellent photothermal stability and favorable optoelectronic properties. This review comprehensively summarizes the intrinsic structural characteristics and optoelectronic properties of inorganic perovskites, and details prevalent inorganic perovskite film fabrication routes, including spin-coating, vacuum evaporation deposition, and other methods, alongside their respective advantages and application scenarios. On this basis, it focuses on the latest research progress in performance optimization strategies for inorganic perovskite films through compositional optimization, annealing processing, anti-solvent engineering, post-treatment optimization, and additive modification. Additionally, recent advances and milestones in inorganic perovskites for large-area modules, tandem devices, and flexible perovskite solar cells are reviewed. Finally, it systematically discusses the key bottlenecks hindering the commercialization of inorganic perovskite solar cells and prospects their future development directions and application opportunities.
Back Cover
Volume 2, Issue 4 (2026) – 5 articles
Back Cover Picture: Lithium-ion battery management is shifting from scalar state estimation to integrated supervision of health, safety, and fast-charging capability. Existing reviews have addressed battery informatics, probabilistic prognostics, physics-guided learning, or digital-twin concepts as largely separate topics, but the connections among observability, mechanistic state representation, uncertainty quantification, and decision-oriented control remains underdeveloped. This Review reorganizes the field around uncertainty-aware physics-guided digital twins and argues that health loss, safety risk, and fast-charge limitations originate from coupled electrochemical, thermal, mechanical, and interfacial processes rather than from independent objectives. The discussion first identifies the shared physicochemical basis of degradation, with fast charging treated as a stringent validation case for a useful twin. The literature is then structured around four coupled layers: observability and data, physics-based and hybrid models, uncertainty-aware inference, and decision-facing control. On this basis, the Review examines health management beyond scalar state of health, plating-aware safety diagnosis, risk-constrained fast charging, and deployment from cell to pack and fleet levels. Finally, benchmarking, standardization, semantic data governance, and battery-passport requirements are discussed together with future opportunities in multimodal sensing, knowledge-enhanced twins, and autonomous closed-loop optimization. The central conclusion is that a deployable battery digital twin must be physics-grounded, uncertainty-calibrated, and explicitly designed to support decisions.
